When the Grand Duke of Tuscany outlawed bullfighting in 1590, the contrade took to organizing races in the Piazza del Campo. Public races organized by the contrade were popular from the 14th century onwards called palii alla lunga, they were run across the whole city. The town's central piazza was the site of public games, largely combative: pugna, a sort of many-sided boxing match or brawl jousting and in the 16th century, bullfights. The earliest known antecedents of the race are medieval. A horse is not required to have a rider to win the race. It is common for a few of the jockeys to be thrown off their horses while making the treacherous turns in the piazza, and indeed, it is not unusual to see riderless horses finishing the race. The race is run for three laps of the piazza and usually lasts no more than 90 seconds. The race itself, in which the jockeys ride bareback, circles the Piazza del Campo, on which a thick layer of earth has been laid. The Corteo Storico, a pageant to the sound of the March of the Palio, precedes the race, which attracts visitors and spectators from around the world. Sometimes, in case of exceptional events or local or national anniversaries deemed relevant and pertinent ones, the city community may decide for an extraordinary Palio, run between May and September, such as on 9 September 2000, to celebrate the city entering the new millennium and on 20 October 2018, in commemoration of the centenary of the end of the Great War. The Palio held on 16 August is named Palio dell'Assunta, in honour of the Assumption of Mary. The Palio held on 2 July is named Palio di Provenzano, in honour of the Madonna of Provenzano, a Marian devotion particular to Siena which developed around an icon from the Terzo Camollia area of the city. Ten horses and riders, bareback and dressed in the appropriate colours, represent ten of the seventeen contrade, or city wards. The word derives from from Latin pallium (plural: palii). The Palio di Siena ( Italian pronunciation: known locally simply as Il Palio) is a horse race held twice each year, on 2 July and 16 August, in Siena, Italy. (A contrada is a district, or a ward, within an Italian city.) Banners of the city's contrade sold before the race. Thousands of spectators come to Piazza del Campo during the Palio di Siena. Palio alla tonda, 1633 by Bernardino Capitelli. Horse and jockey ( fantino) turning a bend of the race course at Piazza del Campo
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